Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and child labour Essay

Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and kid work - Essay Example This change brings down the arrival to instruction and raises the open door cost of training, along these lines animating youngster labour†. As indicated by the article 32 of The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Childâ in 1990, â€Å"the youngster to be shielded from monetary misuse and from playing out any work that is probably going to be unsafe or to meddle with the childs training, or to be destructive to the childs wellbeing or physical, mental, profound, good or social development† (All India chamber of human rights, n.d.). This report will investigate three center standards; 1)How kid work makes issues the advancement of youngsters? 2) Why associations are sharp in empowering youngster work? what's more, 3)Why guardians trifle with kid work? The instance of Nike and Disney will be talked about as contextual analyses related to the kid work issue in this report since these organizations have met with serious analysis identified with its approaches towards youngster work previously. â€Å"Nike has been blamed for utilizing kid work in the creation of its soccer balls in Pakistan† (NIKE: Nike Shoes and Child Labor in Pakistan, n.d.). â€Å"Disneys best-selling Cars toys are being made in a production line in China that utilizes youngster work and powers staff to complete multiple times the measure of additional time permitted by law† (Disney, Mattel and Wal-bazaar toy-producer blamed for kid work, 2013). All India chamber of human rights, N.d. Kid work laws and activities. [Online] Available at: http://www.humanrightscouncil.in/index.php/part/k2/thing/124-kid work laws-and-activities [Accessed 20 January 2014] Earthy colored, D.K., Deardorff, A.V. also, Stern, R.M. 2002. The determinants of kid work: Theory And Evidence. [Online] Available at: http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476-500/r486.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2014] Disney, Mattel and Wal-store toy-creator blamed for

Parkinson Disease Essay Example for Free

Parkinson Disease Essay Parkinson infection is a step by step dynamic degenerative issue of the focal sensory system. Parkinson malady has a place with a gathering of conditions called development issue. There are four trademark issues brought about by Parkinson malady, including tremor very still, balance issues, firmness, and gradualness of development. Parkinson ailment happens when zones of the cerebrum, including a region called the substantia nigra, is gradually annihilated. The specific explanation behind this decimation isn't totally known. In certain patients, it might be because of hereditary, natural, or a mix of the two causes. The final product is a hardship in the mind of a significant neurochemical, called dopamine. Dopamine manages development, and its misfortune prompts expanded tone, inflexibility, and gradualness of development. Absence of dopamine brings about the side effects related with Parkinson ailment . Around 50,000 Americans are determined to have Parkinson sickness consistently. 95% of those analyzed are more than 50 years of age. At some random time, around 500,000 individuals, or 1% of those over age 50 in the US are battling with this condition. Finding of Parkinson sickness is a clinical one, in view of history and physical assessment. There are no lab tests to absolutely analyze the condition. Your primary care physician will get some information about your clinical history and play out an intensive physical test. An efficient neurological test will incorporate testing your reflexes and watching things like muscle quality all through your body, coordination, balance, and different subtleties of development, including: * Muscle tone Rapid rotating developments * Gait, pose * Postural soundness * Quickness and accuracy of development * Observation of a tremor (during rest or movement) A smaller than normal mental status test will be performed; questions relating to disposition, considerations, and conduct will be inquired. Exercises of day by day living will be assessed, for example, dressing, cutting and eating food, gulping, cleanliness, strolling, and falls. The specific reason for PD is obscure. It might have both hereditary and natural parts. A few researchers imagine that infections can trigger PD also. Low degrees of dopamine and norepinephrine, a substance that controls dopamine, have been connected with PD. Anomalous proteins called Lewy bodies have additionally been found in the cerebrums of individuals with PD. Researchers don't have a clue what job, assuming any, Lewy bodies assume a job in the advancement of PD. Certain gatherings of individuals have an expanded danger of PD. Men are one and a half times bound to get PD than ladies. Whites are bound to get PD than African-Americans or Asians. PD normally shows up between the ages of 50 and 60. It just happens before the age of 40 of every five to 10 percent of cases. Individuals with a family ancestry are bound to build up this issue. The four significant engine issues found in PD are: * tremorâ€shaking that happens very still * sluggish developments * solidness of arms, legs, and trunk * issues with parity and propensity to fall Secondary side effects of PD include: * clear outward appearance * an inclination to stall out when strolling * little, confined penmanship * stifled, low-volume discourse * diminished squinting and gulping * propensity to fall in reverse * decreased arm swinging when strolling Other, increasingly outrageous, indications of PD are: flaky white or yellow scales on sleek pieces of the skin, known as seborrheic dermatitis * rest disturbancesâ€including distinctive dreams, talking, and development during rest * discouragement * nervousness * mind flights * psychosis * issues with consideration and memory * trouble with visual-spatial connections There is no particular test for PD. Finding is made dependent on wellbeing history and a physical and neurological test. Tests, for example, CAT output or MRI might be utilized to preclude different conditions. Satisfactory rest, work out, and a reasonable eating routine are significant. Language instruction, word related treatment, and non-intrusive treatment can likewise assist with improving correspondence and self consideration. Careful intercessions are held for individuals who don’t react to drug, treatment, and way of life changes. So are strategies, for example, profound cerebrum incitement (DBS). In practically all instances of PD, drug will be required to help control the different physical and emotional well-being indications related with the illness. Medications and Medication Used to Treat Parkinson’s Disease | Medication various medications can be utilized to treat PD. Levodopa Levodopa is the most widely recognized treatment for PD. It assists with recharging dopamine. Around 75 percent of cases react to levodopa, yet not all indications are improved. Levodopa is commonly given with cardiodopa. This defers the transformation of levodopa to carbidopa until it gets into the mind. Dopamine Agonists Dopamine agonistscan emulate the activity of dopamine in the cerebrum. Dopamine agonists are less viable than levodopa. Nonetheless, they can be valuable as extension prescriptions when levodopa is less powerful. Medications in this class incorporate bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole.

How Political Science Essay Topics Are Found?

How Political Science Essay Topics Are Found?Political science is the study of political institutions, ideologies, politics and governing that forms the basis of international politics and civil society in modern society. Many students enter the field of study to find out what they can do to advance their careers. The most rewarding career choice in the field is one that allows a student to have some sense of community involvement while still being prepared for a specific career. There are many career options to choose from but only a few that can truly qualify as career choices with a large community of work involved.The career field allows for the exploration of many unique problems as well as a clear and concise job description. Political science helps us understand human nature and makes us understand how governments are formed. The study of political institutions help us understand human psychology. Understanding why people change their minds about certain issues helps us create effective ways to spread information and persuade the masses.The study of political institutions has helped many find out how the world works and the human nature that drives it. It has also lead to many laws being put into place that improve and protect the citizenry of any country. To be a good worker, one must be knowledgeable about a variety of different topics. This type of work does not rely on studying the same thing over again. Political science essay topics range widely.There are many reasons for writing a political science essay. A course is required, but often students will be required to submit one or more essays. At the end of the semester, the students will be required to submit a research paper. While there are some students who dislike essay writing, those who thrive on it are happy to write about what they know. Many take the time to create different political essay topics that they find interesting or even hard to research.Political science allows for the study of almost every aspect of life. The study of government is not limited to how the government acts, but also how the public acts around the different levels of government. This includes the politicians, bureaucrats, lobbyists, business owners, and even everyday citizens who may disagree with how the leaders of the government are leading the nation.Government is complicated and the problems that government has faced and continue to face have made this field important. Many students enjoy this aspect of the career field because of the research and intellectual challenges. Regardless of the political theory, the main goal of the political scientist is to create new and creative ideas to solve problems and allow society to move forward without the continuous conflict and war.Many students enjoy the subject matter of political science as well as the practical benefits of the career. Not only do they study many different topics that they are interested in, but they also learn how to work as part of a team of scientists to solve problems and make improvements to a system. It's a great career choice for anyone looking for a career that allows them to take a back seat to no one. One of the greatest benefits of the career is the ability to make a difference in someone else's life.Those who need a specific political essay topics should begin by researching current events in order to determine which are the best ideas and words to use. Once they find the topic they enjoy, they should then select the topic and the proper research paper to write to inform and persuade others.

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The Moral Framework I Disagree - 1377 Words

The moral framework I tend to personally abide by is act utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the ethical concept that the actions that lead to the most pleasure are moral and good, whereas those that lead to pain are an immoral evil (Boss 23). When making decisions, I contemplate the advantages and disadvantages of each option presented before acting upon it. In addition, I consider those who would possibly be affected by my decision both positively and negatively. Like utilitarianism, I choose the option with the least amount of negative consequences. I am typically inclined to follow a selfless framework, however, occasionally I must put myself before others depending on the situation. For example, school is always top priority over my social life. When I choose my social life over school the consequences are profound. Usually this increases my work load and then leads to painful amounts of stress. Capital punishment is an important social justice issue because the United States is the only remaining Western democracy that actively uses it as a punishment method, and two-thirds of the countries have realized it is immoral (Boss 223). The constitutionality of this issue was questioned in the Furman v. Georgia Supreme Court case in 1972. The case determined that it was indeed unconstitutional because it contradicts the United States’ values declared in the Constitution by denying civil liberties that are stated in the Eighth and the Fourteenth amendments (ACLU). The EighthShow MoreRelatedEthical Relativism And Moral Relativism962 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will argue against moral relativism as the correct way to judge human morality. There are several issues with moral relativism, and I will focus on why moral relativism’s argument is false and also consider the implications of accepting relativism. 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The conceptual framework published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) aims to set out the fundamental concepts in the preparation and presentation of financial statements (IFRS 2014). This essay will attempt to analyse the specific concept of prudence found in the qualitative characteristics chapter of the conceptual framework. Prudence has been omitted from the conceptual framework in recent years, and this essay will attempt to establishRead MoreBilly Wilder Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognizable and give off a complex reflection of his American and European cultural influences. I think that Billy Wilder should be considered an â€Å"auteur† even if he is not already considered one, for his personal film style and the mere fact that his cynical vision allowed him to create many admirable films across a number of genre boundaries throughout his career. However, film critics tend to disagree and believe that Wilder was too cynical, while also complaining about the lack of conviction inRead MoreThe Law Is Hunting Illegal On Sundays889 Words   |  4 Pages1. LAW: Being a native of the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania, I took the liberty of conducting research on the irrelevant and or ridiculous laws that Pennsylvania enforces. My search began with the obvious google inquiry, and amusingly enough â€Å"Stupid Pennsylvania Laws† immediately rendered several sites for research ability. Unfortunately, most of the referenced laws could not be validated by supporting documentation. The laws which I could validate, had, in my opinion a certain level of validityRead MoreKant Deontological Theory1659 Words   |  7 Pages_______ Emmanuel Kant was an influential German Philosopher. He was born in Konigsberg in Prussia to Protestant parents he lived from 1724 to 1804. 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Prioritizing English over the Loss of Your Language Free Essays

Prioritizing the English language over the possible erosion of your native language Nearly 72% of the information available on the internet is in English. How did it all start? The English language spread throughout the world because England in the late 16th century formed colonies all around the world. And until now the English language is growing and becoming more and more popular worldwide, English has official or special status in at least seventy five countries with a total population of over two billion (The Cambridge Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay sample on Prioritizing English over the Loss of Your Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now More and more people see learning English even if they might lose their native language as positive. Personally, I believe that English should be prioritized over the possibility of erosion of a native language for a number of reasons. English breaks the language barriers between different countries especially through the internet and there are more job opportunities if one is able to speak and write English fluently. In this essay I’m going to focus mainly on these two points. [good] The internet is a system of interconnected computer networks, to serve billions of people worldwide. The internet is a place where everyone comes on from different countries to communicate with one another and to share all sort of things like what’s really happening in their community/ country. It’s a place where the people of the world come together as one. English breaks the language barrier also, by allowing people from around the world to get to know each other, work together and communicate whether it’s face-to-face, by phone, via email and most importantly via the internet. What percent of the internet is really in English? ’ this is a question asked by many. And the last time anyone made a serious attempt to answer this, was a study conducted by Excite AtHome in 1999, which looked at 600 million webpages and concluded that 72% were in English (Zukerman, 2009). With so much information mainly in English freely available on the internet, this motivate d people from different countries to learn the language so they can seize the change of getting valuable information for almost free of charge. There is only one language for airlines taking off and landing in 157 countries around the world and that’s English. English is the universal language of air traffic control. Therefore, a pilot from an Arab country for example, where English is not spoken that often, will have a better chance of being hired by any airline around the world if they can speak proper English. English is necessary also for official business that’s why companies hire their employees based on their y capability of speaking and writing English. Job opportunities worldwide in let’s say big international companies such as Ernst Young or other large companies; look for such employees with top notch English. Meanwhile, if more people speak English in a country, potential business opportunities sky rocket because it’s the only way business partner, franchisers and investors can communicate, discuss, negotiate and make a deal with one another. This enhances the profit of a country and benefits the country as a whole in the long run. To sum it all up, personally, I feel that the advantages out way the disadvantage of prioritizing the English language over the possible erosion of you native language. First off, job opportunities increase when one is capable of speaking and writing English fluently because it’s one of the criteria in most major international companies. Secondly, The English language allows people from different backgrounds and mother tongues to communicate effectively and get to know about each other. References: Zukerman, M. Musing on Africa, International development and hacking the media, 2009. http://www. ethanzuckerman. com/blog/2009/06/01/what-percentage-of-the-internet-is-in-english-in-. chinese/ MacNeil, R. , McCrum, R. , Cran. W. (Producers). (1986). The Story of English . [Documentary]. http://topdocumentaryfilms. com/story-of-english/ How to cite Prioritizing English over the Loss of Your Language, Essay examples

My Ideal Friend - Low free essay sample

My ideal friend is Frank. I’m sure Frank is my ideal friend because we have been friends for many years already. Since we were kids, Frank has always been there when I fell down from my bicycle, when I was scolded by my parents, and helped me chase away dogs that were chasing me whenever we walked to school. One day, when I was walking to school together with Frank, we were attacked by 2 stray dogs. Frank took a stick and hit one of the dogs on the nose and the other dog on its leg. I was afraid of dogs but Frank was brave. He was afraid too but he wanted to make sure that his friend was protected. I am not as brave as Frank and thanks to him, I learned that we have to be brave even though we are afraid of something. When I was in school, I was always being bullied by others because I was small. We will write a custom essay sample on My Ideal Friend Low or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was a boy called Rino that will always take my money and I did not tell anyone about this. Rino was much bigger than me and I was afraid he would beat me if I told anyone that he took my money. After 2 years, Frank saw Rino taking my money behind an empty class during recess and he pushed him away from me. He told him that if he saw him doing it again, he would tell the Principal about this. Since then, Rino never bullied me and my life in school became better. Now that we’re already seniors in this school, both Frank and I are involved in many activities and study groups. I managed to have many friends because of him and he has taught me many things about our subjects and school activities. I have become a better leader because of him and I have learned many skills from entering sports activities like hockey and rugby. Together, we managed to be selected for the state team and represented Sabah for hockey and played together in Kuala Lumpur. This is how Frank has improved me as an individual. All in all, Frank has never left my side and is still my best friend today. His character and attitude has made him an ideal friend to me. I will never have another friend like Frank and I admire his morals and how he always stands up for his friends even when he is scared. He is helpful and encourages others to be better and has made me his ideal friend too. (427 words)

Reflection Questions 2 †Education Essay question and answer (200 Level Course)

Reflection Questions 2 – Education Essay question and answer (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Reflection Questions 2 Education Essay question and answer(200 Level Course) Q: Do you think parents should he concerned about the role or lack of it that technology tools play in the education of their children? R: Yes, I think that parents should be concerned about the role that technology tools play in the education of their children. Technology is ever increasing and changing globally. This means that children can access knowledge speedily that can be beneficial for learning and also harmful in terms of psychological effects. It is the responsibility of caring parents to stay abreast of today’s technology tools. Q: Should governments spend billions on technology for schools, should the money be spent differently? R: Yes the governments should spend a proportionate amount of monies on technology for schools. Technology is a fast growing industry that keeps our collective society in a modern trend. We need alarms and camera scanner in our public schools for safety. Yet there must be limit to how much is spent and not in sacrifice for other school necessities. Q: What do you see as the goals of schooling? Are there ways you can use technology to reach those goals? The goal of schooling is to mainly equip and prepare a work force of life long learners. We can utilize technology to reach these goals by training and preparing student for industry and technical jobs. Research Papers on Reflection Questions 2 - Education Essay question and answer (200 Level Course)Standardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Definition and Examples of Verbiage in English

Definition and Examples of Verbiage in English Definition Verbiage is the use of more words than necessary to effectively convey meaning in speech or writing: wordiness. Contrast with conciseness. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines verbiage as [s]uperfluous abundance of words, tedious prose without much meaning, excessive wordiness, verbosity. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AcademeseBafflegabBattologyBloviationBomphiologiaCampaign to Cut the Clutter: Zinssers BracketsLiterature and the Schoolmam, by H.L. MenckenOn Sadlers Bombastic Declamations, by Thomas Babington MacaulayOverwritingPadding (Composition)Purple ProseThe Style of Woodrow, by H.L. Mencken EtymologyFrom the Old French, to chatter   Examples and Observations What I am afraid of is: verbiage.(Joseph Conrad, letter to Hugh Walpole, December 2, 1902)It is a midden and a criminal haunt and packed to the gills each split-up low deceiving house and alley with footpads and coiners and runners of poor women, with uncertificated pox-doctors and cat-gut spinners, with tripe-merchants and rumour-mongers and rabbit-breeders and slaughterers of the peace of the Lord. Why must your brother lodge there, Claffey? Could he not come here to us at Cockspur Street?He may do that yet, Claffey said.As for the man you call Sligdoes he not keep that infamous cellar where we lodged when we were freshly arrived?By the dripping blood of Christ! Vance said. I am sick of your verbiage. Slig is a sworn brother of mine. Slig gave you straw and a shelter for fourpence. Infamous cellar? It was a usual kind of cellar. I tell you, OBrienit was good, of its kind.Sick of my verbiage? the Giant said. Sick of my stories, also?I leave them to the brutes that want soothing.(Hil ary Mantel, The Giant, OBrien. Henry Holt, 1998) Excess Verbiage- Dont bore your audience with excess verbiage: be succinct.(Sharon Weiner-Green and Ira K. Wolf, How to Prepare for the GRE, 16th ed. Barrons Educational Series, 2005)- Using excess with verbiage is redundant. Verbiage by itself means wordiness or an excess of words. Thus, you could say that the phrase excess verbiage is verbiage.(Adrienne Robins, The Analytical Writer: A College Rhetoric, 2nd ed. Collegiate Press, 1996)- Part of the complexity of the problem with verbosity, wordiness and excess verbiage comes from the not uncommon tendency for individual people to use too many extra unnecessary words that are definitely not needed to make the actual clarity of the specific communication crystal clear.Lets rewrite that sentence, cutting out the verbiage: Verbosity is the use of more words than necessary for clear communication. Weve gone from 45 words to 12.(Timothy R. V. Foster, Better Business Writing. Kogan Page, 2002) Euphemisms and VerbiageEuphemisms are not, as many young people think, useless verbiage for that which can and should be said bluntly; they are like secret agents on a delicate mission, they must airily pass by a stinking mess with barely so much as a nod of the head. Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne.(Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984) Oratorical Verbiage[A] characteristic ingredient in all epideictic oratory and literature [is] the opportunity it affords the rhetor for self-display. . . . But this same opportunity for self-display runs the risk of deliquescing into crass showmanship, false posing, hollow oracularity, empty verbiage, mere rhetoricas it does in the Roman period known as the Second Sophistic, and does again in [Robert] Frosts weakest poems (cracker barrel wisdom, clever trivia; to some high moderns the ordure of the ordinary). This remains a standing temptation to any epideictic rhetor and marks an extreme distance from epideictics original concern with the health of the civic polity.(Walter Jost, Epiphany and Epideictic: The Low Modernist Lyric in Robert Frost. A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism, ed. by Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted. Blackwell, 2004) The Lighter Side of VerbiageStubb: Took you long enough, you dithering imbecile! Weve been waiting in that swamp for so long, Ill be pul ling leeches off me nether parts for ages!Jack Sparrow: Ah Stubb, your verbiage always conjures up such a lovely image.(Stephen Stanton and Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow, 2006) Pronunciation: VUR-bee-ij Alternate Spellings: verbage (generally regarded as an error)

Non_Traditional Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non_Traditional Approach - Essay Example Also, the method could be used to identify common characteristics, or find strategic patterns across venues or people. Interpretive approach seeks to understand general concepts in specific contexts, uncover explanations about beliefs or underlying behaviour, reproduce and or capture time, place or culture for making intelligent conclusions about actions that people take. Lin (1998) described how interpretive and positivist qualitative work are different. There are differences in motivations, preferences, and actions which cannot be represented numerically. In the positivist approach, specifics within propositions are identified or tested. In the interpretive approach, the details are integrated into systems. The manifestations of beliefs are specific to cases. Positivist work comments about general principles of relationships by recognizing patterns that are general. Interpretive work does the same by identifying the general pattern in practice. It has been considered that interpretive approach can give confidence in conclusions. Researchers in social science have been critical of the aim of social science for provision of an objective and absolute view of the world. There has been a call for a reflexive stance for recognition of all social activity. This includes the research process that forms an ongoing accomplishment that is endogenous. This has resulted in the emergence of themes including a representation crisis; emphasis on constructive language nature; and reflexive research. This consequence is a debate about the methodology of reflexive research. The business practices at McDonald’s provide an interesting platform for reflexive analysis. Cunliffe (2003) has suggested the enactment of reflexivity through layers of narrative circularity. The narrative approach has been adopted for the McDonald`s study and customers and managers have been asked to describe their

AUDITING AND ASSURANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AUDITING AND ASSURANCE - Essay Example Legislation and the Auditing Profession in the UK According to the True and Fair Organisation (2012), the audit profession in the UK is monitored closely, and regulated tightly in accordance with strict professional standards and legislation. Also, companies and individuals who breach any of the rules, outlined by Legislation, will face strict penalties. The audit profession is under the Legislation provisions of the UK Government. The government controls the audit profession through Legislation such as the Companies Act on Audit, Inspection and Community Enterprise of 2004 and 2006 (True and Fair Organisation, 2012). There are also the Auditors Regulations of 2007, which control the activities of the Audit profession in the UK. This Legislation controls and monitors how audits are carried out in the UK. Legislation regulates the auditing profession in the UK, under the Companies Act 2006 (Collings, 2013, p. 237). Therefore, it is a requirement that professional accountants should at tain a senior statutory auditor position for them to be able to practice audit-related work in the UK. Further, UK Legislation requires that companies must have their annual financial statements audited. Auditors are required by Law to follow ISA (UK and Ireland) 700 in the formation of an auditor’s report on financial statements, as issued by the Financial Reporting Council. Common Law versus Auditing Profession in the UK The UK court system has taken responsibility of safeguarding shareholders, who are termed as third parties, from fraudulent activities of company directors, in collaboration with auditors and audit firms. Therefore, it acts as a quality-control mechanism for the auditing profession (Johnstone, Gramling, & Rittenberg, 2013, p.14). Common Law requires that auditors should observe care of professional advice to avoid violating the provisions of the civil law of negligence (Davies, 2011, p. 7). Auditors should also observe their duty of care diligently, while p erforming audit work because the UK Legal System is based on Common Law (Davies, 2011, p. 7). Company directors have the responsibility of preparing financial statements that should present a true and fair value of the organisation. Therefore, they contribute to the outcome of audit processes in one way or the other. The public may sue auditors and auditing firms under state statutes and Common Law for substandard audit work (Johnstone, Gramling, & Rittenberg, 2013, p. 14). The public, in this case, comprises of shareholders and other investors who may rely on the information provided by company directors and auditors to make financial decisions. In some circumstances, according to Common Law, disclosure may be justified in the public interest where there is no instance of noncompliance with Law regulations. For instance, where the public is being misled or the public’s interests are being damaged by auditors’ activities (FRC, 2013, p. 17). Therefore, Common Law contro ls the audit profession in the UK in that, it requires auditors to comply with the provisions of Common Law. Auditors and audit firms, who violate Common Law provisions, can be sued under Common Law by third parties. Regulatory and Professional Elements versus Auditing Profession in the UK Various independent Regulatory and Professional bodies have been created to control the auditing profession in the UK. The Regulatory and Pr

Hamlet 10 :: essays research papers

The Real Tragedy Of Hamlet In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death or murder of a character becomes very freuquent. Although many people die. It is a result of their own wrong-doing. You could almost say they deserved what they got. But there were deaths of people, that were due to the manipulation from the royalty. A good example can be found in the family of Polonius’. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius’ family because their deaths were not caused by their own, sinful actions, but rather by their small instigation of Claudius and Hamlet’s battle. The first character to die in the play is Polonius. Eventhough Polonius often acted in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he was carrying out plans devised, and ordered by the King and/or Queen, in order to discover the nature of Hamlet’s madness. Being the King’s right hand, it was his duty to obey the King and Queen’s wishes, and it was indeed his loyalty that eventually proved to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius’ innocent involvement with the royal family resulting to his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the Curtained Wall in Gertrude’s chamber. This is a great example of how Polonius, a man unknowing of the true nature of the situation that he was in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one (Hamlet) of their schemes. This makes Polonius’ death a tragedy. But he was asking for it, come on. The next member of the Polonius clan to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia’s death is also tragic, because of her complete innocence in the situation. You can argue that Polonius deserved his fate because of his handling with Hamlet while he was mad. But Ophelia was entirely manipulated, and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons, and games. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet is seen in Act II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family that he is truely mad. Ophelia explains to her father, how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition"(He is quickly losing his mind).

Fddi and Cddi

C H A P T E R 8 Chapter Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide background information about FDDI technology. Explain how FDDI works. Describe the differences between FDDI and Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Describe how CDDI works. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Introduction The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. It should be noted that relatively recently, a related copper specification, called Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), has emerged to provide 100-Mbps service over copper. CDDI is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. This chapter focuses mainly on FDDI specifications and operations, but it also provides a high-level overview of CDDI. FDDI uses dual-ring architecture with traffic on each ring flowing in opposite directions (called counter-rotating). The dual rings consist of a primary and a secondary ring. During normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission, and the secondary ring remains idle. As will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, the primary purpose of the dual rings is to provide superior reliability and robustness. Figure 8-1 shows the counter-rotating primary and secondary FDDI rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-1 Chapter 8 FDDI Transmission Media Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-1 FDDI Uses Counter-Rotating Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Secondary FDDI Concentrator WAN Standards FDDI was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T9. 5 standards committee in the mid-1980s. At the time, high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing local-area networks (LANs) based on Ethernet and Token Ring. A new LAN media was needed that could easily support these workstations and their new distributed applications. At the same time, network reliability had become an increasingly important issue as system managers migrated mission-critical applications from large computers to networks. FDDI was developed to fill these needs. After completing the FDDI specification, ANSI submitted FDDI to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which created an international version of FDDI that is completely compatible with the ANSI standard version. FDDI Transmission Media FDDI uses optical fiber as the primary transmission medium, but it also can run over copper cabling. As mentioned earlier, FDDI over copper is referred to as Copper-Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Optical fiber has several advantages over copper media. In particular, security, reliability, and performance all are enhanced with optical fiber media because fiber does not emit electrical signals. A physical medium that does emit electrical signals (copper) can be tapped and therefore would permit unauthorized access to the data that is transiting the medium. In addition, fiber is immune to electrical interference from radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Fiber historically has supported much higher bandwidth (throughput potential) than copper, although recent technological advances have made copper capable of transmitting at 100 Mbps. Finally, FDDI allows 2 km between stations using multimode fiber, and even longer distances using a single mode. FDDI defines two types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode. A mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle. Multimode fiber uses LED as the light-generating device, while single-mode fiber generally uses lasers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-2 ct840801 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Specifications Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber. Because these modes of light enter the fiber at different angles, they will arrive at the end of the fiber at different times. This characteristic is known as modal dispersion. Modal dispersion limits the bandwidth and distances that can be accomplished using multimode fibers. For this reason, multimode fiber is generally used for connectivity within a building or a relatively geographically contained environment. Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber. Because only a single mode of light is used, modal dispersion is not present with single-mode fiber. Therefore, single-mode fiber is capable of delivering considerably higher performance connectivity over much larger distances, which is why it generally is used for connectivity between buildings and within environments that are more geographically dispersed. Figure 8-2 depicts single-mode fiber using a laser light source and multimode fiber using a light emitting diode (LED) light source. Figure 8-2 Light Sources Differ for Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers Laser light source Single mode Multimode LED light source ct840802 FDDI Specifications FDDI specifies the physical and media-access portions of the OSI reference model. FDDI is not actually a single specification, but it is a collection of four separate specifications, each with a specific function. Combined, these specifications have the capability to provide high-speed connectivity between upper-layer protocols such as TCP/IP and IPX, and media such as fiber-optic cabling. FDDI’s four specifications are the Media Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer Protocol (PHY), Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD), and Station Management (SMT) specifications. The MAC specification defines how the medium is accessed, including frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-recovery mechanisms. The PHY specification defines data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking requirements, and framing, among other functions. The PMD specification defines the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-error rates, optical components, and connectors. The SMT specification defines FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection. FDDI is similar to IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet and IEEE 802. 5 Token Ring in its relationship with the OSI model. Its primary purpose is to provide connectivity between upper OSI layers of common protocols and the media used to connect network devices. Figure 8-3 illustrates the four FDDI specifications and their relationship to each other and to the IEEE-defined Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer. The LLC sublayer is a component of Layer 2, the MAC layer, of the OSI reference model. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-3 Chapter 8 FDDI Station-Attachment Types Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-3 FDDI Specifications Map to the OSI Hierarchical Model Logical link control Media access control FDDI standards Physical layer protocol Station management Physical layer medium ct840803 FDDI Station-Attachment Types One of the unique characteristics of FDDI is that multiple ways actually exist by which to connect FDDI devices. FDDI defines four types of devices: single-attachment station (SAS), dual-attachment station (DAS), single-attached concentrator (SAC), and dual-attached concentrator (DAC). An SAS attaches to only one ring (the primary) through a concentrator. One of the primary advantages of connecting devices with SAS attachments is that the devices will not have any effect on the FDDI ring if they are disconnected or powered off. Concentrators will be covered in more detail in the following discussion. Each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A and B. These ports connect the DAS to the dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port provides a connection for both the primary and the secondary rings. As you will see in the next section, devices using DAS connections will affect the rings if they are disconnected or powered off. Figure 8-4 shows FDDI DAS A and B ports with attachments to the primary and secondary rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-4 FDDI DAS Ports Attach to the Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Primary Port A Port B Secondary Secondary FDDI DAS An FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the building block of an FDDI network. It attaches directly to both the primary and secondary rings and ensures that the failure or power-down of any SAS does not bring down the ring. This is particularly useful when PCs, or similar devices that are frequently powered on and off, connect to the ring. Figure 8-5 shows the ring attachments of an FDDI SAS, DAS, and concentrator. Figure 8-5 A Concentrator Attaches to Both the Primary and Secondary Rings FDDI Concentrator DAS SAS SAS FDDI Fault Tolerance FDDI provides a number of fault-tolerant features. In particular, FDDI’s dual-ring environment, the implementation of the optical bypass switch, and dual-homing support make FDDI a resilient media technology. ct840805 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840804 8-5 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Dual Ring FDDI’s primary fault-tolerant feature is the dual ring. If a station on the dual ring fails or is powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled back onto itself) into a single ring. When the ring is wrapped, the dual-ring topology becomes a single-ring topology. Data continues to be transmitted on the FDDI ring without performance impact during the wrap condition. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 illustrate the effect of a ring wrapping in FDDI. Figure 8-6 A Ring Recovers from a Station Failure by Wrapping Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A A B Failed station Station 3 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-6 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-7 A Ring also Wraps to Withstand a Cable Failure Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A Failed wiring Ring wrap A B Station 3 When a single station fails, as shown in Figure 8-6, devices on either side of the failed (or powered-down) station wrap, forming a single ring. Network operation continues for the remaining stations on the ring. When a cable failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8-7, devices on either side of the cable fault wrap. Network operation continues for all stations. It should be noted that FDDI truly provides fault tolerance against a single failure only. When two or more failures occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more independent rings that are incapable of communicating with each other. Optical Bypass Switch An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs this function using optical mirrors that pass light from the ring directly to the DAS device during normal operation. If a failure of the DAS device occurs, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch will pass the light through itself by using internal mirrors and thereby will maintain the ring’s integrity. The benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter a wrapped condition in case of a device failure. Figure 8-8 shows the functionality of an optical bypass switch in an FDDI network. When using the OB, you will notice a tremendous digression of your network as the packets are sent through the OB unit. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840807 MAC 8-7 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-8 The Optical Bypass Switch Uses Internal Mirrors to Maintain a Network Station 1 Station 1 B A B A Failed station Optical bypass switch â€Å"normal configuration† Station 4 A B Optical bypass switch â€Å"bypassed configuration† Ring does not wrap Station 2 A B Station 2 A B Station 4 A B A B A B Station 3 Station 3 Dual Homing Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device is attached to two concentrators. Figure 8-9 shows a dual-homed configuration for devices such as file servers and routers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-8 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Frame Format Figure 8-9 A Dual-Homed Configuration Guarantees Operation Concentrator Concentrator File servers Routers One pair of concentrator links is declared the active link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link stays in backup mode until the primary link (or the concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to have failed. When this occurs, the passive link automatically activates. FDDI Frame Format The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. This is one of the areas in which FDDI borrows heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring. FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes. Figure 8-10 shows the frame format of an FDDI data frame and token. Figure 8-10 The FDDI Frame Is Similar to That of a Token Ring Frame Data frame Preamble Start delimiter Frame control Destination address Source address ct840809 Data FCS End delimiter Frame status Token Preamble Start delimiter Frame control End delimiter FDDI Frame Fields The following descriptions summarize the FDDI data frame and token fields illustrated in Figure 8-10. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-9 Chapter 8 Copper Distributed Data Interface Fiber Distributed Data Interface †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Preamble—Gives a unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start delimiter—Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame control—Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination address—Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long. Source address—Identifies the single station that sent the frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI source addresses are 6 bytes long. Data—Contains either information destined for an upper-layer protocol or control information. Frame check sequence (FCS)—Is filed by the source station with a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The destination address recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame is discarded. End delimiter—Contains unique symbols; cannot be data symbols that indicate the end of the frame. Frame status—Allows the source station to determine whether an error occurred; identifies whether the frame was recognized and copied by a receiving station. †¢ †¢ Copper Distributed Data Interface Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and uses dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to concentrator. CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9. 5 Committee. The CDDI standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI), consistent with the term Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-access control layers defined by the ANSI standard. The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). STP cabling has 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to EIA/TIA 568B specifications. Figure 8-11 illustrates the CDDI TP-PMD specification in relation to the remaining FDDI specifications. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-10 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface Summary Figure 8-11 CDDI TP-PMD and FDDI Specifications Adhere to Different Standards FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) FDDI physical layer (PHY) FDDI Station Management (SMT) Twisted-pair wire PMD Single-mode fiber PMD Multimode fiber PMD Specification for CDDI Summary The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN architecture using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently implemented as a high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. Review Questions Q—What are the benefits of using FDDI instead of CDDI? A—Longer distance, no RFI, no EFI. Q—What role does the DAC play in the FDDI network? A—The concentrator is a dual-attachment station device and ensures that when single-attachment station devices—such as PCs—are turned off, they do not interrupt the network ring. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840811 8-11 Chapter 8 Review Questions Fiber Distributed Data Interface Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-12 1-58705-001-3

The Castle Of Otranto A Gothic Story - 1767 Words

The first known piece of gothic literature was Walpole’s ‘’The Castle of Otranto: A gothic story’’, which arrived in 1764(Britannica Pg.1). The audience was shocked by the bold movement of Walpole when he published his novel, which introduced new themes no one has ever seen before. The novel’s themes consist in murder, betrayal, and creepy places. This new and exciting piece of work slowly, without the knowledge of the author or everyone else, started the genre Gothic, which until these day is still alive. This genre is normally recognized because of its elements such as creepy settings, ghosts, spirits, unknown monsters, curses, omens, visions, death, mystery, tragedy and romances.  ´Ã‚ ´What scares me is what scares you. We ´re all afraid of the same things. That is why horror is such a powerful genre. ´Ã‚ ´ John Carpenter once said trying to explain why horror and its basis gothic literature were and are so famous and lucrative. Gothi c literature since the beginning has been jaw-dropping and scandalous for using themes other genres are afraid of introducing. The popular genre was short-lived due to the horrors of real life, then it picked up again in the 1920’s by horror film industry and is still a very lucrative, famous and well received. The next big author of a gothic literature was Ann Radcliffe who first published ‘’A Sicilian Romance’’ in 1790(Britannica Pg.1) and was follow up by ‘’The Mysteries of Udolpho’’ and ‘’The Italian’’. Radcliffe popularized the genre more withShow MoreRelatedGothic Elements In Gothic Literature1023 Words   |  5 PagesGothic Essay #1 Gothic literature’s roots are in the architecture of the dark ages. The buildings were made to intimidate oncoming enemies, because of this it presents the perfect setting for eerie literature such as the Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto. Whilst reading gothic literature fear is to be expected, because the nature of gothic is grim( Hutchins). Fear as we know is an emotion that is triggered by one of these three reactions: physical threats, sources of poison and signs of disease(â€Å"Psychology†)Read MoreGothic Elements:The Castle of Otranto by Walpole and a Scene in Jane Austens Northanger Abbey1334 Words   |  6 Pages When a person thinks about gothic today, they might think of a sparkly vampire or a hunky Frankenstein in popularized films. This has led to parodies upon these adaptations of the gothic. This relationship between traditional gothic characters and parodies is not a new subject but a very interesting dynamic. I would like to discuss how one scene from the typical gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole, and a scene from Jane Austen’s parody of the gothic novel in Northanger Abbey contrastRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto By Horace Walpole Purchased Strawberry Hill1572 Words   |  7 Pagesresuscitated the Gothic style numerous decades prior to his Victorian successors. It was a response against neoclassicism. This whimsical neo-gothic invention started another design incline. This affected his composition and actually, the English Gothic novel began with his Gothic story ; The Castle of Otranto . Fundamentally, a Gothic novel is said to incorporate sorcery, riddle, heavenly, uncanny and tension. The interpretation of a Gothic novel contrasts from reader to reader. A Gothic work is toRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto And Romance Of The Forest Analysis1070 Words   |  5 Pagesexpress different themes within a story. The Castle of Otranto is a Romantic Era story, by Horace Walpole, which expressed the expectations thrust upon women in the 1700’s in a different - and rather terrifying - light than was seen at that time. Romance of the Forest is also a Romantic Era story, created by Ann Radcliffe, which tells the story of a woman who discovers a terrifying secret that exists just on the other side of her bedroom walls. 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I will be picking a specific character to explain and compare to another book to show how both are Gothic, but in their own way. This essay will seek and unfold the differences of Manfred in Otranto, and GeneralRead MoreHorace Walpole s Castle Of Otranto1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof storytelling, there is no greater important detail than the setting. The environment of a story is the glue that grounds the characters together, the fertile valley in which the plot is cultivated and grown, and the often the core influence that forwards the narrative. The classic Gothic literature works of Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto as well as Anna and John Aikin’s Sir Bertrand both are stories that have not only their plots bound and driven by their settings, but have their dark and horrifyingRead MoreAna lysis of Third Person Narratives of Two Novels1368 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably say the same four things: plot, setting, characters, and narration. This is also true for the three novels we have studied thus far in class: Vathek, The Castle of Otranto, and The Mysteries of Udolpho. The dark ‘gloomth’ setting, the larger-than-life characters, and the supernaturally centered plot lines all make these books Gothic novels, but how would one characterize the narrators? If there is anything that these three novels we have studied thus far have in common, it is that each of themRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage and state of mind. Poetry is not just the vision of the writer put to a page, meant to evoke and inspire readers. Poetry is thoughts concealed given breath—a story reflecting the interior landscape of the mind. Just as it can be a breath of air, poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dar k place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring andRead MoreThe Qualification of Daphne Du Mauriers Rebecca as a Gothic Novel851 Words   |  3 PagesRebecca as a Gothic Novel One of mankind’s most valuable gifts is the ability to feel emotions and be able to react to them in a variety of ways. One of these emotions can be recognized as horror. Horror can be directly related as an immense sensation of fear, anxiety, and despair. Horror is adored by some and abhorred by others. Most importantly, there exist many sources for frightening media and information. One genre of literature that tends to provide horror can be known as Gothic Literature