Hamlet 10 :: essays research papers

The Real Tragedy Of Hamlet In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death or murder of a character becomes very freuquent. Although many people die. It is a result of their own wrong-doing. You could almost say they deserved what they got. But there were deaths of people, that were due to the manipulation from the royalty. A good example can be found in the family of Polonius’. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius’ family because their deaths were not caused by their own, sinful actions, but rather by their small instigation of Claudius and Hamlet’s battle. The first character to die in the play is Polonius. Eventhough Polonius often acted in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he was carrying out plans devised, and ordered by the King and/or Queen, in order to discover the nature of Hamlet’s madness. Being the King’s right hand, it was his duty to obey the King and Queen’s wishes, and it was indeed his loyalty that eventually proved to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius’ innocent involvement with the royal family resulting to his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the Curtained Wall in Gertrude’s chamber. This is a great example of how Polonius, a man unknowing of the true nature of the situation that he was in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one (Hamlet) of their schemes. This makes Polonius’ death a tragedy. But he was asking for it, come on. The next member of the Polonius clan to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia’s death is also tragic, because of her complete innocence in the situation. You can argue that Polonius deserved his fate because of his handling with Hamlet while he was mad. But Ophelia was entirely manipulated, and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons, and games. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet is seen in Act II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family that he is truely mad. Ophelia explains to her father, how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition"(He is quickly losing his mind).

Fddi and Cddi

C H A P T E R 8 Chapter Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide background information about FDDI technology. Explain how FDDI works. Describe the differences between FDDI and Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Describe how CDDI works. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Introduction The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. It should be noted that relatively recently, a related copper specification, called Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), has emerged to provide 100-Mbps service over copper. CDDI is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. This chapter focuses mainly on FDDI specifications and operations, but it also provides a high-level overview of CDDI. FDDI uses dual-ring architecture with traffic on each ring flowing in opposite directions (called counter-rotating). The dual rings consist of a primary and a secondary ring. During normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission, and the secondary ring remains idle. As will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, the primary purpose of the dual rings is to provide superior reliability and robustness. Figure 8-1 shows the counter-rotating primary and secondary FDDI rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-1 Chapter 8 FDDI Transmission Media Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-1 FDDI Uses Counter-Rotating Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Secondary FDDI Concentrator WAN Standards FDDI was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T9. 5 standards committee in the mid-1980s. At the time, high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing local-area networks (LANs) based on Ethernet and Token Ring. A new LAN media was needed that could easily support these workstations and their new distributed applications. At the same time, network reliability had become an increasingly important issue as system managers migrated mission-critical applications from large computers to networks. FDDI was developed to fill these needs. After completing the FDDI specification, ANSI submitted FDDI to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which created an international version of FDDI that is completely compatible with the ANSI standard version. FDDI Transmission Media FDDI uses optical fiber as the primary transmission medium, but it also can run over copper cabling. As mentioned earlier, FDDI over copper is referred to as Copper-Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Optical fiber has several advantages over copper media. In particular, security, reliability, and performance all are enhanced with optical fiber media because fiber does not emit electrical signals. A physical medium that does emit electrical signals (copper) can be tapped and therefore would permit unauthorized access to the data that is transiting the medium. In addition, fiber is immune to electrical interference from radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Fiber historically has supported much higher bandwidth (throughput potential) than copper, although recent technological advances have made copper capable of transmitting at 100 Mbps. Finally, FDDI allows 2 km between stations using multimode fiber, and even longer distances using a single mode. FDDI defines two types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode. A mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle. Multimode fiber uses LED as the light-generating device, while single-mode fiber generally uses lasers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-2 ct840801 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Specifications Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber. Because these modes of light enter the fiber at different angles, they will arrive at the end of the fiber at different times. This characteristic is known as modal dispersion. Modal dispersion limits the bandwidth and distances that can be accomplished using multimode fibers. For this reason, multimode fiber is generally used for connectivity within a building or a relatively geographically contained environment. Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber. Because only a single mode of light is used, modal dispersion is not present with single-mode fiber. Therefore, single-mode fiber is capable of delivering considerably higher performance connectivity over much larger distances, which is why it generally is used for connectivity between buildings and within environments that are more geographically dispersed. Figure 8-2 depicts single-mode fiber using a laser light source and multimode fiber using a light emitting diode (LED) light source. Figure 8-2 Light Sources Differ for Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers Laser light source Single mode Multimode LED light source ct840802 FDDI Specifications FDDI specifies the physical and media-access portions of the OSI reference model. FDDI is not actually a single specification, but it is a collection of four separate specifications, each with a specific function. Combined, these specifications have the capability to provide high-speed connectivity between upper-layer protocols such as TCP/IP and IPX, and media such as fiber-optic cabling. FDDI’s four specifications are the Media Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer Protocol (PHY), Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD), and Station Management (SMT) specifications. The MAC specification defines how the medium is accessed, including frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-recovery mechanisms. The PHY specification defines data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking requirements, and framing, among other functions. The PMD specification defines the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-error rates, optical components, and connectors. The SMT specification defines FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection. FDDI is similar to IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet and IEEE 802. 5 Token Ring in its relationship with the OSI model. Its primary purpose is to provide connectivity between upper OSI layers of common protocols and the media used to connect network devices. Figure 8-3 illustrates the four FDDI specifications and their relationship to each other and to the IEEE-defined Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer. The LLC sublayer is a component of Layer 2, the MAC layer, of the OSI reference model. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-3 Chapter 8 FDDI Station-Attachment Types Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-3 FDDI Specifications Map to the OSI Hierarchical Model Logical link control Media access control FDDI standards Physical layer protocol Station management Physical layer medium ct840803 FDDI Station-Attachment Types One of the unique characteristics of FDDI is that multiple ways actually exist by which to connect FDDI devices. FDDI defines four types of devices: single-attachment station (SAS), dual-attachment station (DAS), single-attached concentrator (SAC), and dual-attached concentrator (DAC). An SAS attaches to only one ring (the primary) through a concentrator. One of the primary advantages of connecting devices with SAS attachments is that the devices will not have any effect on the FDDI ring if they are disconnected or powered off. Concentrators will be covered in more detail in the following discussion. Each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A and B. These ports connect the DAS to the dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port provides a connection for both the primary and the secondary rings. As you will see in the next section, devices using DAS connections will affect the rings if they are disconnected or powered off. Figure 8-4 shows FDDI DAS A and B ports with attachments to the primary and secondary rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-4 FDDI DAS Ports Attach to the Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Primary Port A Port B Secondary Secondary FDDI DAS An FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the building block of an FDDI network. It attaches directly to both the primary and secondary rings and ensures that the failure or power-down of any SAS does not bring down the ring. This is particularly useful when PCs, or similar devices that are frequently powered on and off, connect to the ring. Figure 8-5 shows the ring attachments of an FDDI SAS, DAS, and concentrator. Figure 8-5 A Concentrator Attaches to Both the Primary and Secondary Rings FDDI Concentrator DAS SAS SAS FDDI Fault Tolerance FDDI provides a number of fault-tolerant features. In particular, FDDI’s dual-ring environment, the implementation of the optical bypass switch, and dual-homing support make FDDI a resilient media technology. ct840805 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840804 8-5 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Dual Ring FDDI’s primary fault-tolerant feature is the dual ring. If a station on the dual ring fails or is powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled back onto itself) into a single ring. When the ring is wrapped, the dual-ring topology becomes a single-ring topology. Data continues to be transmitted on the FDDI ring without performance impact during the wrap condition. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 illustrate the effect of a ring wrapping in FDDI. Figure 8-6 A Ring Recovers from a Station Failure by Wrapping Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A A B Failed station Station 3 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-6 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-7 A Ring also Wraps to Withstand a Cable Failure Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A Failed wiring Ring wrap A B Station 3 When a single station fails, as shown in Figure 8-6, devices on either side of the failed (or powered-down) station wrap, forming a single ring. Network operation continues for the remaining stations on the ring. When a cable failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8-7, devices on either side of the cable fault wrap. Network operation continues for all stations. It should be noted that FDDI truly provides fault tolerance against a single failure only. When two or more failures occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more independent rings that are incapable of communicating with each other. Optical Bypass Switch An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs this function using optical mirrors that pass light from the ring directly to the DAS device during normal operation. If a failure of the DAS device occurs, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch will pass the light through itself by using internal mirrors and thereby will maintain the ring’s integrity. The benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter a wrapped condition in case of a device failure. Figure 8-8 shows the functionality of an optical bypass switch in an FDDI network. When using the OB, you will notice a tremendous digression of your network as the packets are sent through the OB unit. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840807 MAC 8-7 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-8 The Optical Bypass Switch Uses Internal Mirrors to Maintain a Network Station 1 Station 1 B A B A Failed station Optical bypass switch â€Å"normal configuration† Station 4 A B Optical bypass switch â€Å"bypassed configuration† Ring does not wrap Station 2 A B Station 2 A B Station 4 A B A B A B Station 3 Station 3 Dual Homing Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device is attached to two concentrators. Figure 8-9 shows a dual-homed configuration for devices such as file servers and routers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-8 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Frame Format Figure 8-9 A Dual-Homed Configuration Guarantees Operation Concentrator Concentrator File servers Routers One pair of concentrator links is declared the active link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link stays in backup mode until the primary link (or the concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to have failed. When this occurs, the passive link automatically activates. FDDI Frame Format The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. This is one of the areas in which FDDI borrows heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring. FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes. Figure 8-10 shows the frame format of an FDDI data frame and token. Figure 8-10 The FDDI Frame Is Similar to That of a Token Ring Frame Data frame Preamble Start delimiter Frame control Destination address Source address ct840809 Data FCS End delimiter Frame status Token Preamble Start delimiter Frame control End delimiter FDDI Frame Fields The following descriptions summarize the FDDI data frame and token fields illustrated in Figure 8-10. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-9 Chapter 8 Copper Distributed Data Interface Fiber Distributed Data Interface †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Preamble—Gives a unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start delimiter—Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame control—Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination address—Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long. Source address—Identifies the single station that sent the frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI source addresses are 6 bytes long. Data—Contains either information destined for an upper-layer protocol or control information. Frame check sequence (FCS)—Is filed by the source station with a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The destination address recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame is discarded. End delimiter—Contains unique symbols; cannot be data symbols that indicate the end of the frame. Frame status—Allows the source station to determine whether an error occurred; identifies whether the frame was recognized and copied by a receiving station. †¢ †¢ Copper Distributed Data Interface Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and uses dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to concentrator. CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9. 5 Committee. The CDDI standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI), consistent with the term Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-access control layers defined by the ANSI standard. The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). STP cabling has 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to EIA/TIA 568B specifications. Figure 8-11 illustrates the CDDI TP-PMD specification in relation to the remaining FDDI specifications. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-10 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface Summary Figure 8-11 CDDI TP-PMD and FDDI Specifications Adhere to Different Standards FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) FDDI physical layer (PHY) FDDI Station Management (SMT) Twisted-pair wire PMD Single-mode fiber PMD Multimode fiber PMD Specification for CDDI Summary The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN architecture using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently implemented as a high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. Review Questions Q—What are the benefits of using FDDI instead of CDDI? A—Longer distance, no RFI, no EFI. Q—What role does the DAC play in the FDDI network? A—The concentrator is a dual-attachment station device and ensures that when single-attachment station devices—such as PCs—are turned off, they do not interrupt the network ring. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840811 8-11 Chapter 8 Review Questions Fiber Distributed Data Interface Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-12 1-58705-001-3

The Castle Of Otranto A Gothic Story - 1767 Words

The first known piece of gothic literature was Walpole’s ‘’The Castle of Otranto: A gothic story’’, which arrived in 1764(Britannica Pg.1). The audience was shocked by the bold movement of Walpole when he published his novel, which introduced new themes no one has ever seen before. The novel’s themes consist in murder, betrayal, and creepy places. This new and exciting piece of work slowly, without the knowledge of the author or everyone else, started the genre Gothic, which until these day is still alive. This genre is normally recognized because of its elements such as creepy settings, ghosts, spirits, unknown monsters, curses, omens, visions, death, mystery, tragedy and romances.  ´Ã‚ ´What scares me is what scares you. We ´re all afraid of the same things. That is why horror is such a powerful genre. ´Ã‚ ´ John Carpenter once said trying to explain why horror and its basis gothic literature were and are so famous and lucrative. Gothi c literature since the beginning has been jaw-dropping and scandalous for using themes other genres are afraid of introducing. The popular genre was short-lived due to the horrors of real life, then it picked up again in the 1920’s by horror film industry and is still a very lucrative, famous and well received. The next big author of a gothic literature was Ann Radcliffe who first published ‘’A Sicilian Romance’’ in 1790(Britannica Pg.1) and was follow up by ‘’The Mysteries of Udolpho’’ and ‘’The Italian’’. Radcliffe popularized the genre more withShow MoreRelatedGothic Elements In Gothic Literature1023 Words   |  5 PagesGothic Essay #1 Gothic literature’s roots are in the architecture of the dark ages. The buildings were made to intimidate oncoming enemies, because of this it presents the perfect setting for eerie literature such as the Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto. Whilst reading gothic literature fear is to be expected, because the nature of gothic is grim( Hutchins). Fear as we know is an emotion that is triggered by one of these three reactions: physical threats, sources of poison and signs of disease(â€Å"Psychology†)Read MoreGothic Elements:The Castle of Otranto by Walpole and a Scene in Jane Austens Northanger Abbey1334 Words   |  6 Pages When a person thinks about gothic today, they might think of a sparkly vampire or a hunky Frankenstein in popularized films. This has led to parodies upon these adaptations of the gothic. This relationship between traditional gothic characters and parodies is not a new subject but a very interesting dynamic. I would like to discuss how one scene from the typical gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole, and a scene from Jane Austen’s parody of the gothic novel in Northanger Abbey contrastRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto By Horace Walpole Purchased Strawberry Hill1572 Words   |  7 Pagesresuscitated the Gothic style numerous decades prior to his Victorian successors. It was a response against neoclassicism. This whimsical neo-gothic invention started another design incline. This affected his composition and actually, the English Gothic novel began with his Gothic story ; The Castle of Otranto . Fundamentally, a Gothic novel is said to incorporate sorcery, riddle, heavenly, uncanny and tension. The interpretation of a Gothic novel contrasts from reader to reader. A Gothic work is toRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto And Romance Of The Forest Analysis1070 Words   |  5 Pagesexpress different themes within a story. The Castle of Otranto is a Romantic Era story, by Horace Walpole, which expressed the expectations thrust upon women in the 1700’s in a different - and rather terrifying - light than was seen at that time. Romance of the Forest is also a Romantic Era story, created by Ann Radcliffe, which tells the story of a woman who discovers a terrifying secret that exists just on the other side of her bedroom walls. In both The Castle of Otranto and Romance of the Forest, theRead MoreThe Castle of Otranto1560 Words   |  7 Pagesof Ann Radcliffes and Horace Walpoles imagery, both of which were Gothic novelists of the eighteenth century. The authors purpose in including this bit is interesting, especially if you are familiar with the novels he refers to. Heres some help: This novel was first published in 1764. The plot takes place in Italy in the Twelfth century. The main characters of the book include: Manfred, the illegitimate Prince of Otranto; Hippolita, Manfreds wife; Matilda, 18, Manfreds daughter; ConradRead MoreThe Castle of Otranto Northanger Abbey Comparison paper.1915 Words   |  8 PagesCrockett. Gothic Literature. Nov. 11, 2013. Comparison on both novels: The Castle of Otranto Northanger Abbey The Castle of Otranto was written in 1764, by Horace Walpole. This novel is a Gothic novel, and I will be writing an essay about this novel to show, and explain how Gothic it is. I will be picking a specific character to explain and compare to another book to show how both are Gothic, but in their own way. This essay will seek and unfold the differences of Manfred in Otranto, and GeneralRead MoreHorace Walpole s Castle Of Otranto1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof storytelling, there is no greater important detail than the setting. The environment of a story is the glue that grounds the characters together, the fertile valley in which the plot is cultivated and grown, and the often the core influence that forwards the narrative. The classic Gothic literature works of Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto as well as Anna and John Aikin’s Sir Bertrand both are stories that have not only their plots bound and driven by their settings, but have their dark and horrifyingRead MoreAna lysis of Third Person Narratives of Two Novels1368 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably say the same four things: plot, setting, characters, and narration. This is also true for the three novels we have studied thus far in class: Vathek, The Castle of Otranto, and The Mysteries of Udolpho. The dark ‘gloomth’ setting, the larger-than-life characters, and the supernaturally centered plot lines all make these books Gothic novels, but how would one characterize the narrators? If there is anything that these three novels we have studied thus far have in common, it is that each of themRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage and state of mind. Poetry is not just the vision of the writer put to a page, meant to evoke and inspire readers. Poetry is thoughts concealed given breath—a story reflecting the interior landscape of the mind. Just as it can be a breath of air, poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dar k place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring andRead MoreThe Qualification of Daphne Du Mauriers Rebecca as a Gothic Novel851 Words   |  3 PagesRebecca as a Gothic Novel One of mankind’s most valuable gifts is the ability to feel emotions and be able to react to them in a variety of ways. One of these emotions can be recognized as horror. Horror can be directly related as an immense sensation of fear, anxiety, and despair. Horror is adored by some and abhorred by others. Most importantly, there exist many sources for frightening media and information. One genre of literature that tends to provide horror can be known as Gothic Literature