Hamlet 10 :: essays research papers

The Real Tragedy Of Hamlet In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death or murder of a character becomes very freuquent. Although many people die. It is a result of their own wrong-doing. You could almost say they deserved what they got. But there were deaths of people, that were due to the manipulation from the royalty. A good example can be found in the family of Polonius’. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius’ family because their deaths were not caused by their own, sinful actions, but rather by their small instigation of Claudius and Hamlet’s battle. The first character to die in the play is Polonius. Eventhough Polonius often acted in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he was carrying out plans devised, and ordered by the King and/or Queen, in order to discover the nature of Hamlet’s madness. Being the King’s right hand, it was his duty to obey the King and Queen’s wishes, and it was indeed his loyalty that eventually proved to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius’ innocent involvement with the royal family resulting to his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the Curtained Wall in Gertrude’s chamber. This is a great example of how Polonius, a man unknowing of the true nature of the situation that he was in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one (Hamlet) of their schemes. This makes Polonius’ death a tragedy. But he was asking for it, come on. The next member of the Polonius clan to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia’s death is also tragic, because of her complete innocence in the situation. You can argue that Polonius deserved his fate because of his handling with Hamlet while he was mad. But Ophelia was entirely manipulated, and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons, and games. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet is seen in Act II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family that he is truely mad. Ophelia explains to her father, how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition"(He is quickly losing his mind).

Fddi and Cddi

C H A P T E R 8 Chapter Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide background information about FDDI technology. Explain how FDDI works. Describe the differences between FDDI and Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Describe how CDDI works. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Introduction The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. It should be noted that relatively recently, a related copper specification, called Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), has emerged to provide 100-Mbps service over copper. CDDI is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. This chapter focuses mainly on FDDI specifications and operations, but it also provides a high-level overview of CDDI. FDDI uses dual-ring architecture with traffic on each ring flowing in opposite directions (called counter-rotating). The dual rings consist of a primary and a secondary ring. During normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission, and the secondary ring remains idle. As will be discussed in detail later in this chapter, the primary purpose of the dual rings is to provide superior reliability and robustness. Figure 8-1 shows the counter-rotating primary and secondary FDDI rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-1 Chapter 8 FDDI Transmission Media Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-1 FDDI Uses Counter-Rotating Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Secondary FDDI Concentrator WAN Standards FDDI was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T9. 5 standards committee in the mid-1980s. At the time, high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing local-area networks (LANs) based on Ethernet and Token Ring. A new LAN media was needed that could easily support these workstations and their new distributed applications. At the same time, network reliability had become an increasingly important issue as system managers migrated mission-critical applications from large computers to networks. FDDI was developed to fill these needs. After completing the FDDI specification, ANSI submitted FDDI to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which created an international version of FDDI that is completely compatible with the ANSI standard version. FDDI Transmission Media FDDI uses optical fiber as the primary transmission medium, but it also can run over copper cabling. As mentioned earlier, FDDI over copper is referred to as Copper-Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Optical fiber has several advantages over copper media. In particular, security, reliability, and performance all are enhanced with optical fiber media because fiber does not emit electrical signals. A physical medium that does emit electrical signals (copper) can be tapped and therefore would permit unauthorized access to the data that is transiting the medium. In addition, fiber is immune to electrical interference from radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Fiber historically has supported much higher bandwidth (throughput potential) than copper, although recent technological advances have made copper capable of transmitting at 100 Mbps. Finally, FDDI allows 2 km between stations using multimode fiber, and even longer distances using a single mode. FDDI defines two types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode. A mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle. Multimode fiber uses LED as the light-generating device, while single-mode fiber generally uses lasers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-2 ct840801 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Specifications Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber. Because these modes of light enter the fiber at different angles, they will arrive at the end of the fiber at different times. This characteristic is known as modal dispersion. Modal dispersion limits the bandwidth and distances that can be accomplished using multimode fibers. For this reason, multimode fiber is generally used for connectivity within a building or a relatively geographically contained environment. Single-mode fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber. Because only a single mode of light is used, modal dispersion is not present with single-mode fiber. Therefore, single-mode fiber is capable of delivering considerably higher performance connectivity over much larger distances, which is why it generally is used for connectivity between buildings and within environments that are more geographically dispersed. Figure 8-2 depicts single-mode fiber using a laser light source and multimode fiber using a light emitting diode (LED) light source. Figure 8-2 Light Sources Differ for Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers Laser light source Single mode Multimode LED light source ct840802 FDDI Specifications FDDI specifies the physical and media-access portions of the OSI reference model. FDDI is not actually a single specification, but it is a collection of four separate specifications, each with a specific function. Combined, these specifications have the capability to provide high-speed connectivity between upper-layer protocols such as TCP/IP and IPX, and media such as fiber-optic cabling. FDDI’s four specifications are the Media Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer Protocol (PHY), Physical-Medium Dependent (PMD), and Station Management (SMT) specifications. The MAC specification defines how the medium is accessed, including frame format, token handling, addressing, algorithms for calculating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, and error-recovery mechanisms. The PHY specification defines data encoding/decoding procedures, clocking requirements, and framing, among other functions. The PMD specification defines the characteristics of the transmission medium, including fiber-optic links, power levels, bit-error rates, optical components, and connectors. The SMT specification defines FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control features, including station insertion and removal, initialization, fault isolation and recovery, scheduling, and statistics collection. FDDI is similar to IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet and IEEE 802. 5 Token Ring in its relationship with the OSI model. Its primary purpose is to provide connectivity between upper OSI layers of common protocols and the media used to connect network devices. Figure 8-3 illustrates the four FDDI specifications and their relationship to each other and to the IEEE-defined Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer. The LLC sublayer is a component of Layer 2, the MAC layer, of the OSI reference model. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-3 Chapter 8 FDDI Station-Attachment Types Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-3 FDDI Specifications Map to the OSI Hierarchical Model Logical link control Media access control FDDI standards Physical layer protocol Station management Physical layer medium ct840803 FDDI Station-Attachment Types One of the unique characteristics of FDDI is that multiple ways actually exist by which to connect FDDI devices. FDDI defines four types of devices: single-attachment station (SAS), dual-attachment station (DAS), single-attached concentrator (SAC), and dual-attached concentrator (DAC). An SAS attaches to only one ring (the primary) through a concentrator. One of the primary advantages of connecting devices with SAS attachments is that the devices will not have any effect on the FDDI ring if they are disconnected or powered off. Concentrators will be covered in more detail in the following discussion. Each FDDI DAS has two ports, designated A and B. These ports connect the DAS to the dual FDDI ring. Therefore, each port provides a connection for both the primary and the secondary rings. As you will see in the next section, devices using DAS connections will affect the rings if they are disconnected or powered off. Figure 8-4 shows FDDI DAS A and B ports with attachments to the primary and secondary rings. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-4 FDDI DAS Ports Attach to the Primary and Secondary Rings Primary Primary Port A Port B Secondary Secondary FDDI DAS An FDDI concentrator (also called a dual-attachment concentrator [DAC]) is the building block of an FDDI network. It attaches directly to both the primary and secondary rings and ensures that the failure or power-down of any SAS does not bring down the ring. This is particularly useful when PCs, or similar devices that are frequently powered on and off, connect to the ring. Figure 8-5 shows the ring attachments of an FDDI SAS, DAS, and concentrator. Figure 8-5 A Concentrator Attaches to Both the Primary and Secondary Rings FDDI Concentrator DAS SAS SAS FDDI Fault Tolerance FDDI provides a number of fault-tolerant features. In particular, FDDI’s dual-ring environment, the implementation of the optical bypass switch, and dual-homing support make FDDI a resilient media technology. ct840805 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840804 8-5 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Dual Ring FDDI’s primary fault-tolerant feature is the dual ring. If a station on the dual ring fails or is powered down, or if the cable is damaged, the dual ring is automatically wrapped (doubled back onto itself) into a single ring. When the ring is wrapped, the dual-ring topology becomes a single-ring topology. Data continues to be transmitted on the FDDI ring without performance impact during the wrap condition. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 illustrate the effect of a ring wrapping in FDDI. Figure 8-6 A Ring Recovers from a Station Failure by Wrapping Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A A B Failed station Station 3 Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-6 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Fault Tolerance Figure 8-7 A Ring also Wraps to Withstand a Cable Failure Station 1 MAC B A Station 4 Ring wrap Station 2 A MAC B B MAC A Failed wiring Ring wrap A B Station 3 When a single station fails, as shown in Figure 8-6, devices on either side of the failed (or powered-down) station wrap, forming a single ring. Network operation continues for the remaining stations on the ring. When a cable failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8-7, devices on either side of the cable fault wrap. Network operation continues for all stations. It should be noted that FDDI truly provides fault tolerance against a single failure only. When two or more failures occur, the FDDI ring segments into two or more independent rings that are incapable of communicating with each other. Optical Bypass Switch An optical bypass switch provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring fails. This is used both to prevent ring segmentation and to eliminate failed stations from the ring. The optical bypass switch performs this function using optical mirrors that pass light from the ring directly to the DAS device during normal operation. If a failure of the DAS device occurs, such as a power-off, the optical bypass switch will pass the light through itself by using internal mirrors and thereby will maintain the ring’s integrity. The benefit of this capability is that the ring will not enter a wrapped condition in case of a device failure. Figure 8-8 shows the functionality of an optical bypass switch in an FDDI network. When using the OB, you will notice a tremendous digression of your network as the packets are sent through the OB unit. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840807 MAC 8-7 Chapter 8 FDDI Fault Tolerance Fiber Distributed Data Interface Figure 8-8 The Optical Bypass Switch Uses Internal Mirrors to Maintain a Network Station 1 Station 1 B A B A Failed station Optical bypass switch â€Å"normal configuration† Station 4 A B Optical bypass switch â€Å"bypassed configuration† Ring does not wrap Station 2 A B Station 2 A B Station 4 A B A B A B Station 3 Station 3 Dual Homing Critical devices, such as routers or mainframe hosts, can use a fault-tolerant technique called dual homing to provide additional redundancy and to help guarantee operation. In dual-homing situations, the critical device is attached to two concentrators. Figure 8-9 shows a dual-homed configuration for devices such as file servers and routers. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-8 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Frame Format Figure 8-9 A Dual-Homed Configuration Guarantees Operation Concentrator Concentrator File servers Routers One pair of concentrator links is declared the active link; the other pair is declared passive. The passive link stays in backup mode until the primary link (or the concentrator to which it is attached) is determined to have failed. When this occurs, the passive link automatically activates. FDDI Frame Format The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. This is one of the areas in which FDDI borrows heavily from earlier LAN technologies, such as Token Ring. FDDI frames can be as large as 4,500 bytes. Figure 8-10 shows the frame format of an FDDI data frame and token. Figure 8-10 The FDDI Frame Is Similar to That of a Token Ring Frame Data frame Preamble Start delimiter Frame control Destination address Source address ct840809 Data FCS End delimiter Frame status Token Preamble Start delimiter Frame control End delimiter FDDI Frame Fields The following descriptions summarize the FDDI data frame and token fields illustrated in Figure 8-10. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 8-9 Chapter 8 Copper Distributed Data Interface Fiber Distributed Data Interface †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Preamble—Gives a unique sequence that prepares each station for an upcoming frame. Start delimiter—Indicates the beginning of a frame by employing a signaling pattern that differentiates it from the rest of the frame. Frame control—Indicates the size of the address fields and whether the frame contains asynchronous or synchronous data, among other control information. Destination address—Contains a unicast (singular), multicast (group), or broadcast (every station) address. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI destination addresses are 6 bytes long. Source address—Identifies the single station that sent the frame. As with Ethernet and Token Ring addresses, FDDI source addresses are 6 bytes long. Data—Contains either information destined for an upper-layer protocol or control information. Frame check sequence (FCS)—Is filed by the source station with a calculated cyclic redundancy check value dependent on frame contents (as with Token Ring and Ethernet). The destination address recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was damaged in transit. If so, the frame is discarded. End delimiter—Contains unique symbols; cannot be data symbols that indicate the end of the frame. Frame status—Allows the source station to determine whether an error occurred; identifies whether the frame was recognized and copied by a receiving station. †¢ †¢ Copper Distributed Data Interface Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is the implementation of FDDI protocols over twisted-pair copper wire. Like FDDI, CDDI provides data rates of 100 Mbps and uses dual-ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances of about 100 meters from desktop to concentrator. CDDI is defined by the ANSI X3T9. 5 Committee. The CDDI standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to as the Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface (TP-DDI), consistent with the term Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). CDDI is consistent with the physical and media-access control layers defined by the ANSI standard. The ANSI standard recognizes only two types of cables for CDDI: shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). STP cabling has 150-ohm impedance and adheres to EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) specifications. UTP is data-grade cabling (Category 5) consisting of four unshielded pairs using tight-pair twists and specially developed insulating polymers in plastic jackets adhering to EIA/TIA 568B specifications. Figure 8-11 illustrates the CDDI TP-PMD specification in relation to the remaining FDDI specifications. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-10 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface Summary Figure 8-11 CDDI TP-PMD and FDDI Specifications Adhere to Different Standards FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) FDDI physical layer (PHY) FDDI Station Management (SMT) Twisted-pair wire PMD Single-mode fiber PMD Multimode fiber PMD Specification for CDDI Summary The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100-Mbps token-passing, dual-ring LAN architecture using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently implemented as a high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. Review Questions Q—What are the benefits of using FDDI instead of CDDI? A—Longer distance, no RFI, no EFI. Q—What role does the DAC play in the FDDI network? A—The concentrator is a dual-attachment station device and ensures that when single-attachment station devices—such as PCs—are turned off, they do not interrupt the network ring. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 ct840811 8-11 Chapter 8 Review Questions Fiber Distributed Data Interface Internetworking Technologies Handbook 8-12 1-58705-001-3

The Castle Of Otranto A Gothic Story - 1767 Words

The first known piece of gothic literature was Walpole’s ‘’The Castle of Otranto: A gothic story’’, which arrived in 1764(Britannica Pg.1). The audience was shocked by the bold movement of Walpole when he published his novel, which introduced new themes no one has ever seen before. The novel’s themes consist in murder, betrayal, and creepy places. This new and exciting piece of work slowly, without the knowledge of the author or everyone else, started the genre Gothic, which until these day is still alive. This genre is normally recognized because of its elements such as creepy settings, ghosts, spirits, unknown monsters, curses, omens, visions, death, mystery, tragedy and romances.  ´Ã‚ ´What scares me is what scares you. We ´re all afraid of the same things. That is why horror is such a powerful genre. ´Ã‚ ´ John Carpenter once said trying to explain why horror and its basis gothic literature were and are so famous and lucrative. Gothi c literature since the beginning has been jaw-dropping and scandalous for using themes other genres are afraid of introducing. The popular genre was short-lived due to the horrors of real life, then it picked up again in the 1920’s by horror film industry and is still a very lucrative, famous and well received. The next big author of a gothic literature was Ann Radcliffe who first published ‘’A Sicilian Romance’’ in 1790(Britannica Pg.1) and was follow up by ‘’The Mysteries of Udolpho’’ and ‘’The Italian’’. Radcliffe popularized the genre more withShow MoreRelatedGothic Elements In Gothic Literature1023 Words   |  5 PagesGothic Essay #1 Gothic literature’s roots are in the architecture of the dark ages. The buildings were made to intimidate oncoming enemies, because of this it presents the perfect setting for eerie literature such as the Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto. Whilst reading gothic literature fear is to be expected, because the nature of gothic is grim( Hutchins). Fear as we know is an emotion that is triggered by one of these three reactions: physical threats, sources of poison and signs of disease(â€Å"Psychology†)Read MoreGothic Elements:The Castle of Otranto by Walpole and a Scene in Jane Austens Northanger Abbey1334 Words   |  6 Pages When a person thinks about gothic today, they might think of a sparkly vampire or a hunky Frankenstein in popularized films. This has led to parodies upon these adaptations of the gothic. This relationship between traditional gothic characters and parodies is not a new subject but a very interesting dynamic. I would like to discuss how one scene from the typical gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole, and a scene from Jane Austen’s parody of the gothic novel in Northanger Abbey contrastRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto By Horace Walpole Purchased Strawberry Hill1572 Words   |  7 Pagesresuscitated the Gothic style numerous decades prior to his Victorian successors. It was a response against neoclassicism. This whimsical neo-gothic invention started another design incline. This affected his composition and actually, the English Gothic novel began with his Gothic story ; The Castle of Otranto . Fundamentally, a Gothic novel is said to incorporate sorcery, riddle, heavenly, uncanny and tension. The interpretation of a Gothic novel contrasts from reader to reader. A Gothic work is toRead MoreThe Castle Of Otranto And Romance Of The Forest Analysis1070 Words   |  5 Pagesexpress different themes within a story. The Castle of Otranto is a Romantic Era story, by Horace Walpole, which expressed the expectations thrust upon women in the 1700’s in a different - and rather terrifying - light than was seen at that time. Romance of the Forest is also a Romantic Era story, created by Ann Radcliffe, which tells the story of a woman who discovers a terrifying secret that exists just on the other side of her bedroom walls. In both The Castle of Otranto and Romance of the Forest, theRead MoreThe Castle of Otranto1560 Words   |  7 Pagesof Ann Radcliffes and Horace Walpoles imagery, both of which were Gothic novelists of the eighteenth century. The authors purpose in including this bit is interesting, especially if you are familiar with the novels he refers to. Heres some help: This novel was first published in 1764. The plot takes place in Italy in the Twelfth century. The main characters of the book include: Manfred, the illegitimate Prince of Otranto; Hippolita, Manfreds wife; Matilda, 18, Manfreds daughter; ConradRead MoreThe Castle of Otranto Northanger Abbey Comparison paper.1915 Words   |  8 PagesCrockett. Gothic Literature. Nov. 11, 2013. Comparison on both novels: The Castle of Otranto Northanger Abbey The Castle of Otranto was written in 1764, by Horace Walpole. This novel is a Gothic novel, and I will be writing an essay about this novel to show, and explain how Gothic it is. I will be picking a specific character to explain and compare to another book to show how both are Gothic, but in their own way. This essay will seek and unfold the differences of Manfred in Otranto, and GeneralRead MoreHorace Walpole s Castle Of Otranto1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof storytelling, there is no greater important detail than the setting. The environment of a story is the glue that grounds the characters together, the fertile valley in which the plot is cultivated and grown, and the often the core influence that forwards the narrative. The classic Gothic literature works of Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto as well as Anna and John Aikin’s Sir Bertrand both are stories that have not only their plots bound and driven by their settings, but have their dark and horrifyingRead MoreAna lysis of Third Person Narratives of Two Novels1368 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably say the same four things: plot, setting, characters, and narration. This is also true for the three novels we have studied thus far in class: Vathek, The Castle of Otranto, and The Mysteries of Udolpho. The dark ‘gloomth’ setting, the larger-than-life characters, and the supernaturally centered plot lines all make these books Gothic novels, but how would one characterize the narrators? If there is anything that these three novels we have studied thus far have in common, it is that each of themRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage and state of mind. Poetry is not just the vision of the writer put to a page, meant to evoke and inspire readers. Poetry is thoughts concealed given breath—a story reflecting the interior landscape of the mind. Just as it can be a breath of air, poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dar k place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring andRead MoreThe Qualification of Daphne Du Mauriers Rebecca as a Gothic Novel851 Words   |  3 PagesRebecca as a Gothic Novel One of mankind’s most valuable gifts is the ability to feel emotions and be able to react to them in a variety of ways. One of these emotions can be recognized as horror. Horror can be directly related as an immense sensation of fear, anxiety, and despair. Horror is adored by some and abhorred by others. Most importantly, there exist many sources for frightening media and information. One genre of literature that tends to provide horror can be known as Gothic Literature

Artificial Intelligence Essay - 1019 Words

Artificial Intelligence Introduction Today, people are interacting more and more with computers. Life is running at a microchip speed. If all computers are stopped for a day, complete civilization comes to a halt! Fifty years ago, this mightve been a science fiction, but today it is a reality. Further, with Computers being embedded in all of our life accessories like mobiles, watches, cars, even our bodies and brains there is no indication that this microchip speed will not be multiplied in the future. Over the last decade, these electronic tiny minuscule signals have fundamentally revolutionized the way we live. People are spending more hours per day with machines than humans. An amazing†¦show more content†¦Internet is converging all the specialized fields or colors of knowledge into one bright light. The avalanche of new users getting online is still growing. People from all across the planet are spending more and more hours surfing the net, especially in chat rooms, use net groups and bulletin boards. Chat Servers are the unique platform where interactivity the intelligence and interactivity of humans and machines coincides. There have been some heroic individual efforts to realize chat bots, which would talk and behave like humans. If this is any indication of peoples openness to talking and sharing emotions through and with machines, then we are seeing the tip of the emotional machine iceberg What is Artificial Intelligence? Definition... Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science, which deals with helping machines, finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears. AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as Maths, Psychology,Show MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence1237 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is artificial intelligence? Should humanity be concerned? There are many interpretations of Artificial intelligence. Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines artificial intelligence as â€Å"A branch of computer science, dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviour, in computers or the capability of a machine, to imitate intelligent human behaviour† (Artificial Intelligence, 1828). With technology continually progressing and embedding itself into today’s population, from Siri on iPhoneRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1545 Words   |  7 Pagesconsensus on what human intelligence is, how it works, and how it is formed. There are several different theories as to what intelligence is, and there is no concrete explanation of intelligence. Despite these uncertainties, many have proposed the idea modeling human intelligence and creating artificial intelligence. Many see artificial intelligence as a way to bypass human error and to improve jobs by completing them faster and more accurately. They argue that artificial intelligence can be based onRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1233 Words   |  5 Pagesmentally, as this interaction was at an all-time high, we came up with intelligence. Intelligence has fascinated man since the dawn of time, and lead man to create one of the greatest innovations that rivaled human intelligence: artificial intelligence. The competition between human intelligence and artificial intelligence ultimately leads to the battle of nature and science. Eventually these two forms of intelligence, human and artificial, must coincide and it must be understood how each would interactRead MoreArtificial Intelligence And Human Intelligence3752 Words   |  16 PagesARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Name Mohammed Warsame Institutional Affiliation 26th January, 2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents Artificial Intelligence 3 Abstract 3 Project Outline 4 Introduction 5 Factors that inhibit a human from executing the rational decision 6 Soft Computing Domains Inspired by Biology 8 Soft Computing 8 Artificial Neural Network 9 Genetic Computing and Evolutionary Computing 10 Emotions and Artificial Intelligence 12 Neural Network Inheritance 12 Is there need to Inherit the Entirety of theRead MoreBenefits Of Artificial Intelligence761 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Intelligence, more commonly referred to by its abbreviations AI, is defined as intelligence displayed by machines rather than humans. Its aptitudes include successfully recognising and comprehending human speech, computing simulations and analysing an immense amount of elaborate data. As there is limitless potential for this technology, there is a lot of research currently underway to develop AI with the ability to outperform humans at virtually every cognitive task, rather than specificRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1587 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductions Artificial Intelligence is felt almost everywhere. It is influence basically alters people’s lives, by the technology based applications that is embedded in machines that enhances people’s day to day activity. It is seen and experienced in different institutions, be it public or private, small entity and global. AI, or artificial intelligence, is the automation of human processes by means of machine learning, often done by computer systems. These processes include the acquisition ofRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1603 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence is the study and development of enabling computer and machine technology to learn, simulate intelligence, use logic, and perform tasks that are typically performed by humans. Artificial intelligence is an area of research that has been prone to controversy. Researchers are conflicted in regards to whether artificial intelligence is beneficial. Some believe that it will help solve many societal issues, others fear that it will cause furtherRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence909 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly changing lives easier. However, as we advance in society, controversies start up on the right and wrongs of how our mechanics or robots develop, specifically Artificial Intelligence robots. Artificial intelligence is the ability to understand how to control motion and responses based upon experience. Artificial intelligence in robots are based on human traits such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and movement and manipulation of objects.As of now, ourRead MoreDualism and Artificial Intelligence1235 Words   |  5 Pagestangible and can be recreated according to Turing. Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. OneRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction I chose Artificial Intelligence since I believe that it is extremely intriguing and important in the field of Information Technology. Artificial Intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI is usually defined as the capability of a computer program to perform tasks or reasoning processes that we associate

Busn 420 Entire Course Business Law †Devry Essay

BUSN 420 Entire Course Business Law – Devry To Buy this Class Copy paste below link in your Brower http://homeworklance.com/downloads/busn-420-entire-course-business-law-devry/ Or Visit Our Website Visit : http://homeworklance.com Email Us : lancehomework@gmail.com BUSN 420 Entire Course Business Law – Devry USN 420 Week 1 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 1 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 2 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 2 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 3 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 3 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 4 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 4 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 5 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 5 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 6 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 6 Quiz BUSN 420 Week 7 Assignment BUSN 420 Week 8 Exam Answers Question 1. 1. (TCO 1) As an assistant in the legal department†¦show more content†¦(Points : 25) Question 4. 4. (TCO 4) Sandy mails a letter back to Andrea that she has signed; the letter makes reference to a car Andrea has for sale and Andrea’s desired price. When Andrea later delivers the car to Sandy, Sandy returns the car, claiming she does not want the car and that they did not have a contract, so she is not bound to keep the car. Andrea, however, claims they do have a contract and wants to enforce said contract for the price of the car. What standard would the court use to determine whether there is a contract between the parties for the sale of the car? (Points : 25) Question 5. 5. (TCO 5) There are several distinctions in contract law between the UCC and common law as it relates to certain principles. As it relates to modification of a contract, how is the UCC’s treatment of this subject different from that of common law? What are the important factors to be considered? Provide an example that demonstrates the difference. (Points : 25) Page 2 Question 1. 1. (TCO 6) Explain your understanding of administrative law. How would you classify administrative law from a categorical standpoint as it fits in the context of other areas of law and what procedures are involved in the administrative process as it pertains to an agency’s function and purpose?

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Free Essays

In order to completely understand the relation, it is Important to define what Is meant by each of the terms before Identifying any links between them. Joseph Schumacher defined entrepreneurship as â€Å"whatever the type, everyone is entrepreneur only when he actually carries out a new combination and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business, when he settles to running it as other people run their 1934, p. 78) I agree with most of this definition as this basically means that a person is only an entrepreneur when something new Is created. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now After this point, they are not considered entrepreneurs as whatever they have created Is no longer new. Schumacher also said that Innovation Is the creation of a new product, new method of production, new markets or new ways of directing resources. It is also important to distinguish between incremental and radical Innovation. Incremental innovation refers to a small change whereas radical change means a revolutionary change, For example, the Invention of the first mobile phone was a radical innovation. The release of Apple’s latest phone is an incremental innovation. Firstly, I will examine the correlation between Just entrepreneurship and innovation. In my opinion, it is impossible to be an entrepreneur without being innovative. Summerset’s definition supports this belief. The person needs to create something incrementally or radically new in order to be an entrepreneur. A good example of this would be Steve Jobs, one of the founders of Apple. His Innovation towards portable music was radical In the sense that his product was compact. However, since then, he has made more products such as phones and computers. Schumacher also argued that innovation allows firms to generate abnormal profits which are required as they encourage research and development. However, I believe that this research and development often leads to incremental change rather than radical change. This can be seen by looking at Apple as well. Apple constantly makes incremental changes to FIFO However, incremental change is essential for economic development. Economic development is defined as the rise in the general standards of living and quality of life. It is measured by the Human Developmental Index (HID). The HID is a â€Å"way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income† (UNDO, 2011). Economic development can only be achieved if there is economic growth. Economic growth is the rise in a nation’s real gross domestic product (GAP). Considering that â€Å"Development requires the removal of major sources of unfounded: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overcapacity of oppressive states. (Mammary Seen, 1999, p. 3), I firmly believe that economic growth can lead to economic development. Entrepreneurship and innovation fuels economic growth as it makes demand rise. An entrepreneur innovates and creates something to meet a pre-existing yet unfulfilled demand. As a result, people buy that product, allowing the entrepreneur to earn profits. These profits can be invested back into the business. The proces s then starts again and causes the economy to grow. A growing economy results in increasing expenditure. This means that unemployment falls and incomes rise. This means that consumption of necessity goods increases. The provision and consumption of services such as health care and education can also increase. Governments can also generate more revenue from tax as incomes and expenditure rises. This means the provision of public goods such as clean drinking water, sanitation and law and order increases. A rise in the supply of public goods causes a reduction in inequality gap and improves income distribution. All of these constitute to economic development as the standard of living has now been improved and this can be proven by calculating the values for the HID indicators. Furthermore, economic growth is also an incentive for more innovation as it signals to the potential entrepreneurs that the economic conditions are suitable for making profits. It is due to all these conditions that I believe that the ‘uninformed’ mentioned in Ken’s definition are removed and aptly addressed during a period of economic growth, thus, resulting in economic development. An example, from Kenya, of the process above supports my argument. According to an article published by The Guardian, a Kenya telecommunications company, Safari, started providing a mobile banking service called ‘M-Peas’ in 2003. This service permitted its users to store money on their phones and pay for items or transfer money via SMS. This provided people with an alternative source of banking that was better than the traditional method because it was portable and did not impose heavy charges for transactions. As a result, demand for mobile phones went up. A study done by the London Business School showed that for every 10 extra mobile phones per 100 people, GAP in a developing nation went up by 0. 5%. Mobile phones also aided in economic development because they â€Å"can also be used to spread vital information about farming and healthcare to isolated rural areas send symptoms of a disease to a doctor via text and receive a diagnosis. Farmers could find the market price of the crops to ensure that they are not cheated. Mobile banking is not a radical innovation however; incremental change can be more beneficial for less developed countries. This service helps improve the quality of life for people in remote, rural areas that are hard to get to due to poor infrastructure. Although, entrepreneurship and innovation can cause economic growth, it isn’t the only way. Economic growth can also be found in situations from which entrepreneurship is completely absent. A prime example of this would be the Russia during the sass. During this time, Russia was a centrally planned economy. By definition this means that all decisions were made by the state rather than individuals. â€Å"The decade of sass was thus the â€Å"golden period† of Soviet economic Roth. The patterns of Soviet growth of the sass in terms of growth accounting were very similar to the Japanese growth of the sass-ass and to Korean and Taiwanese growth in the 1960-ass – fast increases in labor productivity counterweighted the decline in capital productivity’ (Vladimir Pop, 2010) These nations saw an increase in their GAP even during a lack of entrepreneurship due to increased labor productivity. However, the rise in GAP only lasted a decade. As it can be inferred by inspecting the current economic conditions in the former Soviet states, the growth was not sustainable. Sustainability looks at the level of self-sufficiency a product or notion has. It is related to entrepreneurship and innovation in the sense that if a product, idea or procedure is not sustainable, the likelihood of its existence is low. It’s obvious to me that an entrepreneur is less likely to follow through with an idea that cannot continuously generate profits. Conversely, the concept of sustainable development has to be discussed while trying to understand the relationship between economic development and sustainability. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the resent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. † (NUANCED, 1987)This means that entrepreneurs have to be innovative in a manner that satisfies the current demand but does not harm the future generation’s capacity to innovate and satisfy their demands. Sustainable entrepreneurship can help achieve economic development. For example, the invention of the catalytic converter by Eugene Hydro was a radical innovation that was meant to reduce the air pollution created by exhausts from chimneys and automobiles. This kind of radical innovation benefits the developed nations more as they have a higher rate of institution and more factories and automobiles that create emissions. In this case, sustainable entrepreneurship increases economic development because impact on health, one of the factors measured by the HID, is reduced. In conclusion, the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development is a bilateral one. I think it is impossible to be an entrepreneur without causes economic growth which is required for economic development. However, economic growth does not equate to economic development, as shown by the report on Soviet growth rates. Even though there was economic growth, there was a very insignificant, if any, rise in the standards of living. For me, this highlights the importance of entrepreneurship in achieving economic development. Even though I think radical innovation is a better reflection of entrepreneurship, I think that incremental innovation is of greater importance for the purposes of promoting economic development in less developed countries. The incremental innovations done by entrepreneurs in less developed nations, such as Safari in Kenya, are vital for economic development due to the nature of the infrastructure in these countries. Radical innovations such as the creation of the catalytic converter and whiney scrubbers that reduce emissions are significant for improving the standards of living in developed nations due to the opulence and levels of consumption. Sustainability and sustainable development play a noteworthy role in this relationship. How to cite The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Papers

Environmental Impact Reduction of Commercial MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Impact Reduction of Commercial. Answer: Introduction The Changi Airport group is the wholly owned subsidiary that deals with the management of the airports globally. The Singapore Changi Airport group is the leading manager of providing services in the aviation sector. It has been seen that the airports are the main parts of the infrastructure of the country as well a the economic development. Talking about the global experience of the Chagi Airport, Then the company already built 50 airports including Singapore Changi group in minimum 20 countries. This report outlines the human resource management planning of Chingi Airport group that focuses on the motivation of the employees, their performance as well as the career planning. The report focused on many theories and concepts identified by the famous authors like Maslow, Stone and Mathis. The report explains the job enlargement concept also. There are basically 4 environmental factors that affect the culture, management and the structure of the Changi Airport group. According to Stone (2005) there are four main trends or factors that affect the working of the aviation industry. The four factors are Political, Economic, Social, Technological, and this framework has a great impact on the airline industry. These environmental factors are not under the control of the Changi Airport group. The political factors involve into the interference of the government on the operations of the Aviation industry. The Aviation industry is the industry which operates in the political and legal environment. All the operations of the airline industries are regulated and restricted by the political environments. The interference of government in the operations is important for safety purposes as well protecting the interests of the passengers (Abdulkadir, 2012). The economic condition of the country is the important factor that affects the business as well all its activities. The economic condition or the economic health of the country can be measured by many indicators. The economic condition of the country can be measured through the per capita income of the country, gross domestic product and industrial growth. Moving further, the change in the prices of the oil is the major factor that may affect the profitability of the airline industry. Social and demographic factors These are the factors that affect the business of Changi Airport business with the changing preference regarding travel of the new generation. However, over the last years, the demand for the airports and the airlines is increasing which is beneficial for the business of the Changi group. The Forecasting of the demand of the generation for air travel can be done by the growth of the new generation. For example, the forecasting of the future demand of US tour and travel can be measured by the millions of generations (Gray-Mullen, 2011). This will depend on the age of the people like including 16 to 34 years old people in young generation. The technological factor is also very important factor in the business of airport management. The companies like Changi Airport group adopts the latest technologies to survive in the aviation sector with its competitors. It is the clear fact that the new technological airports and airlines leads to low fuel emissions, which maintain the cost as well as efficiency (Salah, 2014). Maslows Hierarchy of needs helps motivate employees Organizational behavior is the process with the help of which Chingi Airport group company can determine the expectations of the workers and found many ways to meet their expectations. The Chingi Airport group can offer incentives to its employees, when they know about the needs of the employees. The rewards and the incentives will depend upon the organizational need of the employees. Maslow, Herzberg and many people discovered many theories and concepts of the organizational behavior. It is very important to identify the needs of human being and there are many theories and studies that are applied to identify the needs (Wahba Bridwell, 1976)s. This is an obvious thing that every individual has needs and also fluctuates with the passage of time. The very popular theory is used to identify the needs developed by the Maslow. Maslow introduced hierarchy of five needs. Maslow Theory of identifying needs: -According to Maslows theory, there are five needs of the human beings (Jackson, 2012). The hierarchy of Maslows need starts with the physiological needs which are the basic needs of the any human being and these kind of needs include food shelter and clothing. The safety needs are those which are related to the job security, and security of resources. And also involve the needs of belongingness covers family, friendship etc. Moving further to the next level, the esteem needs which relate to the respect, self esteem, confidence etc. Moreover, the creativity and acceptance of the facts are the part of the self actualization. As per the view of the Maslow, one must satisfy the basic needs to fulfill the needs of the self actualization. Maslow believed that there dwells a certain number of needs in humans and those needs are met in a certain order (Kaur, 2013). According to the Mathis and Jackson (2000), there are four types of the incentives. First one is Financial incentives, second is non financial, third one is organizational and last is group incentives. Talking about the type of incentives, it will depend upon the nature and behavior of the employees working in the organization as there are many people who are satisfied with appraisal only and there are also employees who expects some financial rewards. Thus, it is important to analyze the actual requirement of the employees working in Chingi airport group (Jackson, 2012). Monetary rewards These types of rewards are beneficial to motivate and encourage the most of the employees in Changi Airport group. The form of giving the monetary or financial reward is bonuses,increments, promotions and salary hike, etc. Moreover, a company also offers some of the allowances for the accommodation, vehicles to satisfy and encourage the employees in the company. As a result of which, the company also offers the option of provident funds for the future savings of the employees. Organizational rewards: - The organization rewards stands for the distribution of the profits or income into the different employees who performed well. This will automatically encourage and motivates the employees to perform efficiently for the future. The Ching Airport group follows the policy to distribute the bonuses after a certain period of time like monthly yearly or half yearly. Non monetary awards: - Apart from the Monetary rewards, there is the option of non financial reward which is for those employees who work for the appreciation, not for the money. They need a non monetary incentives in the form of appreciation, announcing best employer of the month, performance appraisal in front of the whole organization. The Chingi Airport group organized many events in which they appreciate the performances of the employees to motivate and encourage them to work harder. The chingi airport group announced the employee of the month on the basis of their performance and to tell the other employees that how important they are for the company. These are the best ways to motivate as they save the costs and time of the company(McNulty, 2006). There are a number of ways to offer the non financial rewards and they are as follows Employee recognition events organized on periodical basis. To appreciate, in front of the organization for the better productivity of Chingi Airport group. Offering vouchers and bonuses in the form of Gift cards as token of appreciation. To make the employees important , the company displays the name of the best employees on the notice board. Group incentives: - The company divided the employees into team and group to perform the particular task. The engagement of the employees into the important work of the company make them happy to be a part of the organization. It is very important to clarify and communicate the objectives of the company so that the employees working in teams perform well to achieve the objectives. The group incentives can be achieved by engaging the staff and it is very important as to increase the productivity and the employee engagement follows some steps like to prepare, include, communicate and then clarify. The group incentives are in the form of some movie tickets, entertainment packages, holiday packages for the employees. The engagement of staff in groups or teams results into the coordination and more positive results. (Gonzlez Hupe, 2007). Participation in Decision Making: - The participation of the employees in the decision making is the best tool to motivate and encourage them. The employees get motivated when the importance is given to their decisions and ideas . The employees ideas and their knowledge sometimes lead to good results. The positive point is that , it results into low absenteeisim of the employees in the company. (Team, 2010). Three points on the importance of performance appraisal and career planning Performance appraisal and the career planning are the two most important aspects. As we know that the employees are the most important tool of the organization. It is very important to value and appraise the performance of the new as well as the older workers, but also the HR professionals in Chingi Airport should plan and prepare for the exit from the workforce. The women HR professionals need to conduct some strategic workforce analysis to measure the loss of experienced talent in the coming years. It is very important to take care of the strategic planning and all the internal as well as external factors. The performance of the employees should be analyzed and then take the best decisions regarding the best performance of the employees and then appreciate the employees accordingly. Its very important to encourage the young generation as they come up with the new ideas and work for the company success as compared to the experienced people. It is essential to conduct the training se ssions and to share the relevant information with the employees to improve their performance. The clear description regarding the technology used should be given to these employees in the training program (CAI Team, 2017). The connection between the performance and the incentives given to them should be strong. The suggestion box rules in the Chingi Airport company also helps to know the drawbacks and flaws in the performance of the all the employees and how that can be improved. As it is clear from the name that job enlargement is the process of increasing the job tasks and responsibilities. The job enlargement has its positive as well as negative effects. A Job enlargement at the Chingi Airport group helpful in the improvement of the skills of the employees. The increase in the task will give them an opportunity to learn more about the new things. This increases the chances of earning capacity. As in the future period of time, the employees can bargain with the other employers for more salary (Adenle, 2011). From the prospective of the organization like Chingi Airport group, the employees are able to perform wide range of the activities and single employees holds multi activities at one time that makes the employees versatile. The next benefit is that the absenteeism of the employees will be reduced if the organization encourages its employees and create a feeling of importance in their minds.. Furthermore, If all the employees collectively motivated then it is an obvious that automatically, team work is promoted work together to achieve the goals and teamwork leads to efficiency. Also, it is beneficial in reducing the turnover of the organization because the company needs not to hire new employees in the organization. Disadvantages of job enlargement The disadvantages of the job enlargement are that it increases the burden of the work and it is not necessary that every company provides extra money for extra work. The Chingi airport group is the company who pays an extra amount for the extra work. By doing this, the Chingi group recognizes the efforts of the individuals working in the Singapore Chingi groups. The increase in the task and activities may result into the frustration of the employee when these activities of the employees result into no rewards, no promotions, no extra salary. Another problem exists with the job enlargement is that the union members of airlines group may consider this as an exploitation of the employees at the company and resist the employees to enter into the job enlargement. The main 3 factors that resist the employees to enter into the process of job enlargement and these are the frustration of the employee, no extra money or salary and the overburden of the work on. It is important to hire young people in the organization but on the other hand, it is also important to retain the expert people. Both the generations have its pros and cons. Both of them are needed in the organization and their importance is equally same. But retaining the old employee as well as training the new employees is quite an expensive process Conclusion The whole report is based on the employee recognition and their motivation in the company. The company chosen for this report is a Singapore Chingi group that deals with the management of the airports . The company expects that the employee are very important and their satisfaction is must for the successful growth of the business. References Abdulkadir, D., 2012. Effects of Strategic Performance Appraisal, Career Planning and Employee Participation on Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study. 5(4), pp. 1-10. Adenle, C., 2011. 12 Reasons Why Employees Resist Change in the Workplace, Available at: https://catherinescareercorner.com/2011/07/26/12-reasons-why-employees-resist-change-in-the-workplace/ CAI Team, 2017. Creating world-class airports worldwide. [Online] Available at: https://www.cai.sg/about-us/corporate-profile/ Gonzlez, R. Hupe, J., 2007. ICAO Environmental Report 2007, Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Env_Report_07.pdf Gray-Mullen, P., 2011. Environmental Impacts of Aviation, Available at: https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/millennium/00036.pdf Jackson, 2012. Human Resource Management: Wage, Salary and Reward Administration, Available at: https://docshare01.docshare.tips/files/9920/99207905.pdf Kaur, A., 2013. Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: Applications and Criticisms. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies., 3(3), pp. 1061-1064. McNulty, R., 2006. Strategic review of general aviation in the UK, Available at: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/StrategicReviewGA.pdf Salah, K., 2014. Environmental impact reduction of commercial aircraft around airports. Less noise and less fuel consumption. European Transport Research Review, March , 6(1), p. 7184. Team, H., 2010. Redeployment and Exit Strategies, Available at: https://www.hrwale.com/hr-planning/70-2/ Wahba, N. Bridwell, W., 1976. Maslow reconsidered: A review on research on the need hierarchy model, Available at: https://larrybridwell.com/Maslo.pdf